Future Hope Columns

(To receive Ted’s columns via email, contact him at  indpol@igc.org)

The End of the World? — May 9, 2024

Activist Risk Taking, Then and Now — May 1, 2024

Take That, Joe Manchin — April 14, 2024

Youth and Elders Together: Strategically Key? — March 31, 2024

World on Fire, says Dolly Parton — March 15, 2024

Practical Radicals: Seven Strategies to Change the World: a book review — February 29, 2024

Winning Victories and Movement Building — February 4 2023

Climate Change and Class War — January 20, 2024

King and Douglass on What Is Needed — January 12, 2024

Jesus the Revolutionary Organizer — December 19, 2023

Street Heat Changes Things — December 14, 2023

What About Hamas? — November 28, 2023

Human Connection and Climate Change — November 18, 2023

No War, No Fossil Fuels — October 30, 2023

Nonviolent Direct Action on the Rise — October 23, 2023

Presidential Election Tactics — October 4, 2023

We Need Clean Air, Not Another Billionaire — September 20, 2023

September 17th: The Power of Broadly-Based Unity — September 2, 2023

History Repeating? Vietnam Then, Climate Now? — August 13, 2023

Building a New World: Attitude is Everything— August 7, 2023

The Far-Right Lunatic Fringe — July 25, 2023

Cluster Bombs and Elliott Abrams? — July 12, 2023

The World Takes Action Together on Climate in Mid-September — June 30, 2023

The Appalling Silence of the Good People — June 16, 2023

It’s Time for Resistance Against Injustice This Memorial Day Week — May 28, 2023

Does Manchin Own Biden on Energy Policy? — May 4, 2023

Words to Live By — April 25, 2023

Escalating Save-the-People-and-Planet Tactics — April 14, 2023

Dr. King, Presente! — April 4, 2023

Ukraine, Self-Determination and Peace — March 24, 2023

Defending the Weelaunee Forest — March 12, 2023

Ukraine, Russia, War and Imperialisms — February 24, 2023

Camus’ Plague, and Our Own–Three Years Later — February 11, 2023

Be a Hero, Joe. Declare a Climate Emergency Now! — January 24, 2023

The Long Haul, an autobiography — January 11, 2023

Do Unto Others — December 28, 2022

Is Political Polarization a Bad Thing? — December 18, 2022

AOC for President? — November 29, 2022

Post-Election, Post-COP 27, What Now? — November 16, 2022

For Now, US Democracy is Alive and Well — November 9, 2022

It’s Turnout, Turnout, Turnout! — October 31, 2022

Por Los Ninos — October 21, 2022

Let’s Bring It Home — October 15, 2022

The Ex- (and Future?) President from Hell — October 4, 2022

A Huge Defeat for Joe Manchin, Hooray! — September 28, 2022

A Very Important Lesson Learned — September 26, 2022

A Political Tipping Point on Climate and Progressive Change? — September 4, 2022

Senator Schumer, Did Manchin Tell You Oil/Gas Was Drafting the Side Deal? — August 22, 2022

Victory in Senate a Turning Point? No, Not Yet! — August 8, 2022

The Climate Emergency and Congressional Compromising — July 29, 2022

Principles, Program, Strategy, Tactics — July 26, 2022

A New Cold War in Climate Emergency Times? — July 13, 2022

Si, Se Puede on November 8 — July 1, 2022

A Very Special Human Being — June 21, 2022

Without a Broad People’s Alliance, It’s Hopeless — June 8, 2022

Memories and Memorials on the Walk for Appalachia’s Future — May 31, 2022

Buffalo! — May 20, 2022

The Walk for Appalachia’s Future — April 29, 2022

Ceasefire for Ukraine Now! — April 13, 2022

No War, No Warming, No White Supremacy — April 1, 2022

Facts, Not Blind Ideology — March 11, 2022

News from Manchin land: We’re wearing the fossil fuelers out— March 4, 2022

Keeping Our Eyes on the Prize  —  February 7, 2022

The Most Important Climate Book Ever Written — January 31, 2022

Basics of Grassroots Organization — January 22, 2022

Marching to Biden’s House on New Year’s Day — January 3, 2022

Jesus the Carpenter — December 22, 2021

It’s Time to Occupy Biden — December 18, 2021

Hunger Striking in a Time of Climate Emergency — November 17, 2021

Manufacturing Hate — November 7, 2021

Stop Line 3! No New Fossil Fuel Projects! Climate Emergency!–October 16, 2021

This Is What a Strengthening Left Looks Like — October 5, 2021

October 11-15 in DC: It’s History Making Time — September 22, 2021

21st Century Revolution — September 12, 2021

Voting Rights Now! — August 30, 2021

Covid Denial on the Left — August 17, 2021

Doom to the MVP Pipeline — August 11, 2021

Keeping the Faith — August 1, 2021

Sabotage? — July 20, 2021

Walking and Rocking for a Fossil Fuel Free World — June 30, 2021

It’s Time to Hit the Streets — June 6, 2021

Walking For Our Grandson — May 28, 2021

Israel/Palestine! — May 19, 2021

FERC: From Rubber Stamp to Climate Action Leader? — April 20, 2021

A Winning Climate and Political Approach — April 5, 2021

On Aging and Clear Vision — March 31, 2021

Senate Action An Historic Turning Point? — March 8, 2021

The Purpose of Power: a book review — March 6, 2021

A Big Victory at FERC — February 21, 2021

How We Keep the Neo-Fascists and White Supremacists Down — February 14, 2021

Obama’s “The Promised Land,” a book review — February 3, 2021

It’s a New World? — January 21, 2021

Revolution Around the Corner: a book review — January 18, 2021

Trump’s Mob: An End, or a New Beginning? — January 7, 2021

Thinking Beyond the Pandemic — January 1, 2021

At Christmas Time, Howard Thurman and the ‘Inward Center’ — December 24, 2020

Civil War? — December 13, 2020

FERC Into FREC — November 29, 2020

Want USA Unity? Go Solar and Wind! –November 8, 2020

Day 31 of Fast to Defeat Trump — November 2, 2020

Historic Voter Turnout, Historic Trump Defeat — October 28, 2020

Water-Only for 22 Days to Defeat Trump — October 24, 2020

My Race to Freedom, a book review — October 18, 2020

Fasting in the 20th/21st Centuries, and Right Now — October 11, 2020

Beginning the 2020 Fast — October 3, 2020

The Sociology of Freedom: a book review — September 28, 2020

Voting in Person or by Mail? — September 12, 2020

For a Stable Climate, Trump Must Go — September 8, 2020

Fasting to Defeat Trump — August 29, 2020

Raising Monarchs, 2020 — August 23, 2020

The Moment to Decide — August 7, 2020

President Chaos — August 1, 2020

Some Concerns About Some Portland Tactics — July 28, 2020

The Green Party’s Problematic Electoral Strategy — July 19, 2020

A Climate Movement Turning Point? — July 7, 2020

Tom Paine, Revolutionist — July 5, 2020

Is There a Method to Trump’s Madness — June 25, 2020

Trump Is a Hideous Lying Clown — June 21, 2020

Dealing With Government Repression — June 11, 2020

Unlearning and Organizing Against White Supremacy — June 5, 2020

Walking and Chalking Because Black Lives Matter — May 31, 2020

Opening Up for Demonstrations — May 18, 2020

Trump’s Death Denialism — May 10, 2020

On Lying and the 2020 Presidential Election — May 4, 2020

Michael Moore’s Gift to the Fossil Fuel Industry — April 29, 2020

Pandemics, Climate Crisis and the Turbulent Future — April 22, 2020

Revolutionary Love, a book review — April 18, 2020

After Bernie’s Suspension Announcement — April 12, 2020

Camus’ Plague, and Our Own — April 6, 2020

Phone Calling for Bernie — March 31, 2020

Demonstrating During Pandemic Times — March 28, 2020

Teach, Bernie, Teach, and Stay In — March 20, 2020

Would Joe and Donald Support Using Cuba Coronavirus Medicine? — March 17, 2020

Who Is Our Best Leader in a Time of Multiple Crises? — March 14, 2020

Keep Running, Bernie, Keep Running — March 11, 2020

A Sobering Setback for Bernie — March 4, 2020

The World Turned Upside Down — February 23, 2020

Dealing With Government Repression — February 13, 2020

Bernie, Bloomberg, and the Other Billionaire — February 7, 2020

Bernie’s the One — January 22, 2020

Bernie and Elizabeth Spat — Making Trump’s Day — January 14, 2019

Bernie Songs and Revolution-Making — December 30, 2019

A Winning Strategy for Power, Already Underway! — December 23, 2019

Impeachment and the Democrat/Progressive United Front — December 19, 2019

How We Win via NVDA Campaigns: a Book Review — December 1, 2019

Roadshowing to Replace Rubber-stamping FERC — November 25, 2019

AOC on How We Win — October 23, 2019

Impeachment in a Broader Context — October 4, 2019

That Was a Time I Wish I Had Been Living In — September 21, 2019

A Book Review: “Troublemaker” — September 19, 2019

Einstein: Science Alone Won’t Transform Society — September 1, 2019

Bernie’s Political and Green New Deal Revolution — August 25, 2019

Young and Old Together in Global Climate Strike — August 22, 2019

Free Puerto Rico From Colonialism! — August 2, 2019

Reading the Mueller Report — July 21, 2019

People in Cages on the Border on July 4th — July 4, 2019

After the Debates: Go Bernie and Elizabeth! — June 29, 2019

Climate Tipping Points and the Poor People’s Campaign — June 19, 2019

It’s Monarch Season Again!  — June 11, 2019

Remembering, This Memorial Day Weekend — May 24, 2019

No Green New Deal Without a Transformed FERC — May 11, 2019

Mueller Time and Equating Trumpublicans and Democrats — April 19, 2019

The Green Party Electoral Strategy is a Failure — April 9, 2019

Oppression Is Not a Laughing Matter — Or Is It? — April 2, 2019

Pelosi’s Unforced Error on Impeachment — March 14, 2019

Will Democratic Divisions Help Trumpublicans? — March 9, 2019

Bernie, His Army and the Historical Moment — February 23, 2019

Breaking the Back of Dirty Energy by 2030? — February 19, 2019

Does Working to Keep Fossil Fuels in the Ground Narrow Our Movement? — Feb. 1, 2019

Remembering Dr. King — January 21, 2019

Organizing and Movement Building Through 2020 and Beyond — January 17, 2019

Bernie and Mafioso Don — December 28, 2018

You’ll Never Walk Alone — December 21, 2018

McNamee Win a Pyrrhic Victor for Fossil Fuelers? — December 7, 2018

Two Weeks Without Food for a Stable Climate — November 30, 2018

Water-Only for 14 Days for the Climate, Health and Safety — November 5, 2018

Get Out the Vote Time — to Stop Fascism — October 20, 2018

Climate Denial on the Left — October 4, 2018

(Dr.) Kavanaugh and Mr. Judge — September 30, 2018

Dancing Is Life — September 9, 2018

Trump on the Ropes–What About Mike Pence?–August 23, 2018

A Week to Remember in the Climate Fight — August 12, 2018

Tapping a Power Stronger Than the Fossil Fuel Industry — July 28, 2018

Right Before Our Eyes, a Strategy for Power Unfolds — July 22, 2018

November 6: Knowing What Time It Is — July 3, 2018

Poor People’s Campaign Building Toward June 23 in DC — June 8, 2018

Facing Up to Worldwide Ecological Unraveling — May 27, 2018

Wind and Solar 94, Gas 2–Yes! — May 7, 2018

Singing for Our Future in Cuomo’s Space — April 25, 2018

Dying So Others Will Live — April 20, 2018

Revolutionary Leader Jesus — April 2, 2018

NRA, You’re Going Down — March 24, 2018

What Makes a Good Organization? — March 11, 2018

Does the US Green Party Have a Future? — February 21, 2018

Helping in Puerto Rico — February 12, 2018

Dr. King and Ms. Baker — January 15, 2018

Iron Jawed Angels: a book review — January 11, 2018

Something New This Christmas — December 20, 2017

On January 20th, Let’s Demand Trump’s Impeachment! — December 6, 2017

The Beginning of Trump’s End — November 12, 2017

Religiously Grounded Pipeline Resistance — October 29, 2017

Dangerous, Upside-Down, Trumpian Lawsuits–October 6, 2017

Vietnam! — October 1, 2017

Religion and Revolution, Part Two — September 27, 2017

Religion and Revolution — September 16, 2017

FERC, the Climate Movement and September 20th — September 4, 2017

Ten Points on Charlottesville, the Week Since and the Future — August 19, 2017

Charlottesville — August 12, 2017

Jailed Again — June 28, 2017

We’re Baaack! — June 13, 2017

Climate Leaders Don’t Support Fracking — June 9, 2017

It’s Time for a Trump Impeachment Campaign — May 10, 2017

The Merkley Climate Bill and the Climate Movement — May 6, 2017

The Joy of Spring Biking and Resistance — April 24, 2017

Trump Voters: Racist, Sexist, Homophobes? — April 9, 2017

Next Up: the Peoples Climate March — March 26, 2017

Dealing with the Trump-time Blues — March 16, 2017

No New Permits for Fossil Fuel Infrastructure — February 26, 2017

Debating Black Bloc Tactics — February 4, 2017

Take That, Trump! We Believe That We Can Win — January 22, 2017

Martin Luther King Jr., Leonard Peltier and Trump’s Inauguration — January 13, 2017

Eight Days on Water Only for Peltier — January 9, 2017

Stand with Standing Rock, Free Leonard Peltier — January 2, 2017

Justice Protectors, Let’s Take Action Inauguration Day — December 29, 2016

Jesus of Nazareth — December 18, 2016

Taking on Trump — December 14, 2016

First-ever National People’s Hearing on FERC Held in DC — December 6, 2016

Punched in the Gut by Trump’s Victory — November 9, 2016

Memories of a Romney Rally, and Trump’s Last Night — November 6, 2016

I’m Voting for Hillary Clinton — November 1, 2016

Organizing Among Trump’s White Supporters — October 21, 2016

The Four Candidates on Climate: the Basics–October 13, 2016

Strategic Third Party Presidential Voting–September 30, 2016

Trump, Clinton, Sanders, Stein and Beyond–August 30, 2016

Raising Monarchs
— August 11, 2016
Build, Bernie, Build
— July 29, 2016
Dan Berrigan, Presente — May 1, 2016
Talkin’ Bout a Revolution — April 24, 2016
Phone Calling for Bernie — January 8, 2016
Esperando Para Lucia — December 27, 2015
Bernie Can Win, Part Two*–December 3, 2015
Bernie: Mockingjay? — November 22, 2015
Big Life Changes — November 4, 2015
A Game Changer from Hillary Clinton?
— October 22, 2015
September 25th at FERC–September 19, 2015
Fasting for Our Common Home — September 10, 2015
Charleston! — June 21, 2015
Spring 2015 — April 1, 2015
Banned From FERC? – February 4, 2015
A Turning Point on Climate – January 12, 2015
Disruption and Sacrifice – December 14, 2014
An Open Letter to Naomi Klein – November 16, 2014
Why I Missed the Climate March – September 21, 2014
Pricing Pollution, Cutting Carbon – September 14, 2014
The People’s Climate March – September 1, 2014
The FERC 25 – August 10, 2014
Al Gore’s Important Piece – June 23, 2014
The New “CIA” – April 27, 2014
Matt Jones, Freedom Fighter – March 30, 2014
‘Tis the Final Conflict – March 16, 2014
Climate Movement on the Move – February 8, 2014
The Hunger Games Trilogy – December 23, 2013
Another Holiday Season – December 15, 2013
Daring to Win and Govern – December 8, 2013
Run, Bernie, Run! – November 24, 2013
Fasting for the Philippines – November 13, 2013
2014 Climate Movement Strategy – October 27, 2013
Obama’s Lincoln Moment? – June 30, 2013
Hunger Strike on 27th Day – April 27, 2013
Our Lunch Counter Moment – Feb. 18, 2013
Promised Land, a movie review – January 5, 2013
Giving All to the Present – December 18, 2012
The Fierce Urgency of Now – December 13, 2012
Acting Before It Is Too Late – November 19, 2012
Obama, Climate, History – November 7, 2012
Superstorm Sandy – October 30, 2012
Occupy and the Next Big Thing – September 24, 2012
Larry Gibson, Appalachian hero – September 13, 2012
Strategic Presidential Voting – August 19, 2012
Needed: A Third Force – August 10, 2012
The Moral and Climate Crises – April 28, 2012
From Me to We, a Book Review – April 15, 2012
For Rachel Carson – March 17, 2012
Uniting the 99%, Part 2 – February 12, 2012
Uniting the 99% – January 29, 2012
How Great Thou Art – January 9, 2012
Movement-Building and 2012 – December 4, 2011
Reasons for Thanks Giving – November 18, 2011
Revolution in the Air – October 16, 2011
The Tar Sands Action (smile) – September 6, 2011
Religion and Revolution – May 8, 2011
Not So Starry-Eyed Anymore – April 20, 2011
Bobby Sands, Presente! – March 13, 2011
Appalachia Keeps Rising – February 28, 2011
Only Civil Disobedience? – February 1, 2011
The Third Force Idea – January 10, 2011
New Year Thoughts: On Our Own – January 2, 2011
The True Story of Pocohontas – November 28, 2010
What Now? – November 6, 2010
Spartacus, 2010 – October 30, 2010
Learning from the Tea Party – October 24, 2010
Rethinking Gandhi – August 22, 2010
Don’t Let Up, Fight Harder – August 12, 2010
Remember Sasha and Malia! – July 23, 2010
Three Months, Three Years – July 11, 2010
Dietrich Bonhoeffer – April 11, 2010
Following Howard Zinn – February 1, 2010
Upping the Ante on Climate – January 17, 2010
Christmas and Copenhagen – December 21, 2009
Copenhagen – December 13, 2009
Hungering for Climate Justice – November 7, 2009
We’re “On Our Own” – November 14, 2009
The Power of the People – October 31, 2009
Gandhi Today – October 2, 2009
Two Million at Rightwing March? – September 14, 2009
Can We Make It? – August 29, 2009
We Need More Than ACES – June 27, 2009
It Isn’t Nice – May 17, 2009
A Sincere Prayer – April 19, 2009
Rev. Wright and Rev. Pinkney – April 11, 2009
Is “Washington” Winning? – March 29, 2009
Obama and Coal – January 19, 2009
Che and Gaza – January 4, 2009
Christmas Time Reflections – December 21, 2008
Don’t Just Mourn, Escalate! – December 7, 2008
Follow The Money – November 23, 2008
Obama Wins: Will the People? – November 5, 2008
Making a Green Revolution – October 19, 2008
Fossil Fuel Independence Now – October 5, 2008
Science Fiction to Save the World – September 21, 2008
240, Not Just 60, Days – September 7, 2008
The Wheel Turns – July 14, 2008
Prioritizing Climate – June 23, 2008
No Easy Victories – June 14, 2008
Martin Luther King, Presente – April 29, 2008
Much More Than a Dream – April 8, 2008
No War, No Warming Round Two – January 26, 2008
Ending the 2007 Fast – December 21, 2007
Hitting Back, Nonviolently – December 9, 2007
Only One Life – November 25, 2007
Fasting and Victories – November 15, 2007
We Want More – November 7, 2007
Bad Week for Bush on Climate – September 30, 2007
A Decisive Fall Season – September 1, 2007
Thoughts on Fasting, 2007 – August 26, 2007
Ella Baker, Presente! – August 20, 2007
Speaking Truth to Power – July 15, 2007
Making History in Atlanta – June 16, 2007
Climate: Time is Short – April 22, 2007
Voting for War, Again – March 25, 2007
Impeachment Spring 2007 – February 25, 2007
Crisis and Opportunity – December 19, 2006
Thoughts on Strategy – December 3, 2006
It Isn’t (Always) Nice – October 10, 2006
No More Oil Wars!, Part Two – August 10, 2006
Chicks They Ain’t – June 26, 2006
Upping the Ante – June 12, 2006
The Great Turning – May 14, 2006
Si, Se Puede! – May 2, 2006
Whose Spring? Our Spring! – April 15, 2006
Real Security – April 2, 2006
Core Groups and Mass Movements – February 19, 2006
Our State of Union – February 4, 2006
Easy to Be Hard – January 21, 2006
As the Year Ends – December 18, 2005
2006, 2008 and Beyond – November 27, 2005
Wiping Israel Off the Map – October 30, 2005
A “Party of the People” – October 16, 2005
War, Racism and Global Warming – October 1, 2005
New Orleans: Only the Beginning – September 6, 2005
The Masses and Fascism – August 2, 2005
The False Prophet – May 21, 2005
Thirty Years Late – April 30, 2005
Strengthening Democracy – April 25, 2005
A Clean Energy Revolution – March 11, 2005
Give Life a Chance – February 15, 2005
Agitation Time – January 24, 2005
Happy New Year, 2005? – January 1, 2005
Doing the Right Thing – December 27, 2004
Digging In, Reaching Out – December 12, 2004
Moral Values – November 28, 2004
Make Democracy Real – November 14, 2004
Four More Years – November 3, 2004
November 2, 3 and Beyond – October 25, 2004
Cobb, Kerry and Nader – October 17, 2004
Four More Months! – August 30, 2004
Thinking Past November 2 – August 9, 2004
Green and Growing – June 28, 2004
The Nonviolent Warrior – May 28, 2004
Rainbow Reborn? – May 1, 2004
June 30: End the Occupation! – April 18, 2004
2004 and the Left – March 29, 2004
Richie Perez – March 6, 2004
Eight Questions for Ralph Nader – February 22, 2004
Racism from Top to Bottom – February 9, 2004
Keeping the Faith – January 24, 2004
Don’t Run Like This, Ralph – January 15, 2004
Jesse Then, Ralph Now? – December 22, 2003
David, Ralph, Cynthia and 2004 – December 14, 2003
Black and White Together – December 7, 2003
Goodbye Miami – November 24, 2003
Purism vs. Pragmatism – November 9, 2003
Some Thoughts on Fasting – October 19, 2003
Arthur Kinoy, Revolutionary – September 20, 2003
The Nonviolent Army Revisited – September 10, 2003
The United Nations and Iraq – August 28, 2003
On the Internal Struggle – August 19, 2003
The Power of Culture – May 25, 2003
Cuba, Si! – May 5, 2003
On Popular Education – April 21, 2003
Taking Risks for Peace – April 6, 2003
Refusing to Give In – March 23, 2003
Rise Up Stronger! – March 3, 2003
Two Days that Shook the World – February 16, 2003
Too Broad, Too Deep, Too Mature – January 31, 2003
On Leftist Parties – January 24, 2003
An Ill-Conceived Proposal – January 14, 2003
Happy New Year, 2003? – December 31, 2002
Remembering Phil Berrigan – December 15, 2002
Kissinger?!? –  December 1, 2002
2004: And They’re Off! – November 17, 2002
Sowing the Seeds of the Future – November 6, 2002
Voting for Peace – October 21, 2002
“Democracy” in New Jersey – October 6, 2002
Getting It Together, Now – September 28, 2002
Living the Revolution – September 10, 2002
Campaign Trail Insights – August 27, 2002
Staying on Point – August 12, 2002
What’s the Alternative? – July 30, 2002
Conspiracy, Conshmiracy – July 2, 2002
The Flags are Down – June 20, 2002
Democrats for IRV – June 6, 2002
April 20 – April 23, 2002
On Popular Rule – March 12, 2002
On the Upswing Again – February 24, 2002
Practicing What You Preach – February 15, 2002
On Ending Terrorism – January 28, 2002
Labor and Human Progress – January 14, 2002
Rising Up Broader and Stronger – December 15, 2001
The Democrats in Wartime – November 25, 2001
Peace Yes, Fundamentalism No – November 10, 2001
The Two Front War – November 1, 2001
On Coalition Building – October 14, 2001
Next Steps for Our Movement – October 6, 2001
On Courage – September 22, 2001
A New World – September 13, 2001
Democracy Summer, 2001 – June 27, 2001
Rainbow II – May 20, 2001
Vietnam! – May 11, 2001
On Winning Hearts and Minds – April 23, 2001
On Historical Moments – April 15, 2001
Fannie Lou Hamer – April 1, 2001
On Anger and Hope – March 4, 2001
Nader and Progressive Leadership – February 15, 2001
George the 43rd – January 22, 2001
This Land is Your Land – January 6, 2001
My Anti-Racist Button – December 10, 2000
Turning Crisis Into Opportunity – November 14, 2000
After the Election – October 22, 2000
On Winning Victories – October 8, 2000
The Wall Between – September 24, 2000
The Politics of Fear – September 8, 2000
On Burnout and Recruitment – August 30, 2000
Then and Now – August 1, 2000
The Nader/LaDuke Movement – July 5, 2000
Respecting Your Elders – June 20, 2000
Young and Old Together? – June 5, 2000
The Nonviolent Army – April 27, 2000
On Tactics – April 11, 2000